The Conscience Clause
We have shown how the idea of belonging to the umma is formed and structured at various levels and how, through the notion of...
Civil Allegiance in the West
The preceding analysis should help us to deal with the problem of Muslim residents and citizens in Europe and in North America and to...
Belonging to the Islamic Umma
We have explained that the essence of the Muslim personality is the affirmation of the shahada.30 If we had to look for the minimal...
Belonging and Loyalty
To define the space in which we live as well as the open aspects of our identity is essential but still not enough. Muslims...
Action and Participation
The outward expression of Muslim identity is the articulation and demonstration of the faith through consistent behavior. Faith, understanding, education, and transmission together constitute...